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The headquarters of optimism

E 'in a' handful 'of neurons in the secret of optimism. U.S. researchers have discovered, in fact, that some neurons - in time to make a choice - they see the glass half full, even if maybe things are not true. In a study conducted on mice and published in 'Nature Neuroscience', the team of Matthew Roesch University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore (USA) has placed the rats in front of a choice of three shares, which entitled him to three different awards, one of which definitely better than the other two. Well, the neurons that predicted the expected value of the prizes, they responded as if the animal had chosen the way to reward the best possible no matter what he did in reality. To find out, the researchers monitored the activity of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, a part of the brain involved in the 'premium-rewards system'. So the team found that neurons 'switch on' to the maximum when the mouse found that I could get a prize more 'juicy', even when the end - and in about 30% of cases - the animal opted for the worst prize .

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Males at risk of anorexia nervosa

A new study of twins about 4500 - published in the December issue of Archives of General Psychiatry "- reveals that males who have a twin sister more likely to develop anorexia nervosa than other males, including those with a twin brother. This result supports the hypothesis that exposure to female sex hormones in the womb may be related to the risk of anorexia nervosa. "L 'anorexia nervosa is about 10 times more common in women than in men" - the authors write - "The reasons for this difference are not known, and it is likely that their findings represent an important step forward in understanding the factors eziopatogenici (cases) involved in the development of eating disorders. " Overall, female twins were more likely than male twins, of develop anorexia nervosa. The only exception was for males who had a twin sister. "In fact, the risk is substantially similar to that of pairs of female twins," the authors write. "A plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that during pregnancy with a female fetus, a substance is produced, probably hormonal, that increases the risk of anorexia nervosa in adulthood," write the authors.
"Because the male of a pair of twins of opposite sex would be exposed to this substance, they would be at higher risk of developing anorexia nervosa in adulthood, as was indeed observed in males with twin sister. Most likely candidates are sex steroid hormones. The results of our study are consistent with the hypothesis that intrauterine exposure to sex hormones may affect neural development, with the consequent risk of developing anorexia nervosa in adult life, "the authors conclude. This and many other studies support assumptions underlying the biochemistry of a disorder as complex as anorexia nervosa. Of course, the socio-cultural impact on the disease but there is no doubt that we must dismantle all belief that considers popular and romantic, as well as eminent experts " sector boasted on television and in newspapers, that anorexia is "the sickness of love." This is a serious disorder that should be treated with appropriate medical devices to prevent the most harmful and known consequences.

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Kamasutra - Acrotomofilia

With this strange noun, is defined as a paraphilia very unique. Etymologically the word derives from acro-end, cutting-anatomy, Filia-preference in one word it means to be excited by the thought of having sex with a person's amputated and / or fantasize that this will happen and have sex with it. Sometimes acrotomòfili convince a consenting partner to wrap a hand or a foot in bandages to get the impression that the limb is amputee. It is a case reported by Dr. Chesser, a man with a singular pseudoacrotomofilia form: the subject in question required the wife, physically intact, supported by crutches to limp into the bedroom before having sexual relations with it, and if this ritual was not, the patient of dr. Chesser was unable to have sex as suffering from impotence. The reason why some people are attracted to amputees are a number of partners: fetishism, sadism, indirect, low self-esteem with self-justification in the case of poor performance, the need to be care-givers in relation to a person's amputated and not least the fear that this loss can happen to them. Most individuals with this type of sexual preferences, develop the attraction for amputees as a result of childhood experiences. It 's very likely that these have escaped the danger of an amputation or have seen someone else for all' amputation or pity and fear experienced in those moments, could have had such a strong emotional impact that they will experience a reaction of type erotic to the next view of an individual amputee. There are, in addition to an extensive literature on the subject, which provide specialized clubs to organize meetings, magazines ( Fascination) and books that provide detailed studies on this phenomenon ( Amputees and Devotees - Grant C. Riddle). Often magazines, as well as addressing the issue in key sexual dealing with integration and reintegration of people less fortunate than others in a context where even sexuality can not and should not be denied.

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Shopping

How many times will we ever feel the need to purchase a new suit or a good, perhaps superfluous, in a time when the mood was not the stars, perhaps after an examination went wrong, a quarrel with the boss or some other inprevisto with dire consequences on our moods? Enjoy rewards and little pampering is good for the body and spirit, but when shopping becomes a necessity, a drive that can not be give up and when it fails causes discomfort, then change the thing: we are in front of a real addiction. Usually when we talk about addiction to substances is expected, but we are developing new types of addictive behaviors that belong to the common experience of everyone. These include sexual addictions, those from the internet, from shopping and gambling or gambling. The Association of Psychology Together "is organizing a workshop to propose a deepening dependence on compulsive shopping and gambling addiction that can cause a deterioration in interpersonal relationships and trigger real mechanisms of dependence with often tragic consequences such enormous loss of economic resources and legal implications of.

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Info: www.psicologiainsieme.it